Outline the main geographical processes relevant to Coastal Management.

Outline the main geographical processes relevant to Coastal Management.


All geographical processes are relevant. One such process is called Transportation which cam move the sand's location, due to ocean currents and diverging waves, along a single direction of the beach. The effect on coastal management is that permanent structures along the coast line can sometimes become nearer the water. And then this brings in the effect of erosion along coastlines. An example of this is at Manly beach where a sea wall was built to replace a previous one which was destructed after storm waves and large amounts of erosion.


The erosion is one of the main processes effect for coastal management because its the greatest effects next to the coastline and so those problems needs the greatest management.The Other processes that have are relevant to Coastal Management include; corrosion, hydraulic action, abrasion, and various types of waves.

Go Back to Where You Came From Reflection

• What is your initial reaction to the show?

In the beginning, the video showed that the people who is attending to the show, they hated boat people because most of these people were being discriminate to those people and it made viewer angry at them but later on, they were experiencing how does the boat people works, and they learnt that its really hard thing to do. 

• What percentage of immigrants are refugees?

The percentage of immigrants are approximately 8% are refugees because not many people are refugees since not many countries are processing the war.

• Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media? (Give your opinion)

Those small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media because they think that the Australia won't accept them and has no visa. This is why they decided to make such a big deal and come to Australia (by taking a risk).

• Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugees?

Australia are accepting most of those countries which are in the war because they don't want to stay in the country for long time so they don't get injured during the war.

• To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world? (your opinion)

people should donate to African people so they don't die from the starvation and they should experience the similar life time with normal Australian people.

• How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens?

Australian refugees get swimming pool, and other entertaining area and sustainable foods as well.Basically, they all get satisfactions areas and furniture

• How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention?

Around, 6 Asian nations have signed the UN refugeee convention because those Asian were too poor countries and they couldn't get enough foods and they spent really hard life in those countries.

• Why is it important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this.

Its important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee convention because they both already had discussed and If boat people from Malaysia went to Australia, Australia will either send them back of keep them stay in Australia. ( it depends how poor they are in Malaysia.)

Year 10: Trade: ASEAN members start moves to harmonize policies | BusinessWorld Online Edition

1. What is the goal of this ASEAN meeting? 
The goal of this ASEAN metting was to embark on annual meetings to improve and harmonize trade and investment policies as the bloc pursues an intergrated regional economy by 2015.
2. What is ERIA? What do they intend to do? 
The ERIA is the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia and they intend to draw up plans to review the scorecard for 2015 ASEAN Economic Community to help countries indentify commitments that will deliver the best results towards intergration. 
3. What is AEC? What do they intend to do? 
The AEC is the ASEAN Economic Community and they intend to help countried identify commitments that will deliver the best results towards intergration. 
4. What are the three key areas of focus? 
The three key areas are trade and transport, services and investment faciliation. 
5. How often does this group plan to meet? 
They would hold the diologue once a year.
6. What do they intend to keep in their "knowledge bank"? 
They intend to keep possible tools members can use to pursue effective reforms and also bank data of all regulatory reforms ASEAN members have made. 
7. Who was the chairman of the meeting? What is his title? What is the population and GDP of his country? 
How does it compare to Australia? 
The chairman of the meeting is Date Lim Jock Hoi and his title is Brunei Ministry of Foreign Affairs permanent secretary. The population of Brunei is 400,000 and the GDP is $US 11.47 billion. This compares to Australias population of 22,000,000 with a GDP of $US 924.84 billion. 
8. What do you think that economic integration means?  
I think economic integration means that trade is fair between the different states of the country such as between Queensland and NSW. This would allow all tarrifs and taxes which are placed upon trade between the states to be removed and make it easier to trade within the country. 
9. Do you think that this is good or bad for Australia?
I think this is great as it allows trade to be moved between and throughout the country for a lower price and therefore passing the savings onto the people which will use and buy the products. It will also make it better for the economy as there would be more trade throughout the country and prompting more economic 

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Year 10: Military - China

1. What does the authour mean when he says that there is a 'strategic shadow' that looms over everything? How does this relate to the US?
   
   The author means that this relates to the US President decision to pull out of troops in Afghanistan  more quickly than his generals want. Ever since he was elected, Obama has wanted to pivot away from the endless miseries of the Middle East and Central Asia
2. What does the author propose regarding uranium sales to India?
   
   
   December's Labor Party had conference to end the ban on Australian uranium sales to India. This is about the strategic relationship with India.
   
   
3. What mistakes does the author say that Gillard has made in the region?
   
   The author said that On illegal immigrants coming by boat, her East Timor solution, the premature announcement of the Malaysian people-swap deal, and the abrupt suspension of the live cattle trade with Indonesia, were all the mistakes made by Gillard against public service advice.
4. How has China save us from these mistakes?
   
   Southeast Asians are so concerned by China's massive militarisation, and its aggressive actions in the South China Sea and East China Sea, that they are cleaving close to the US, and close to us as well.
5. What does the quote 'cleaving close to the US and close to us' mean?
   
   the quote "cleaving close to the US and close to us', means that China is slowly bonding with these countries.
6. What has China forced regarding coordination between Australia and the US?
   
   China lies behind the negotiations by Australian and US defence officials for much greater US military involvement in northern Australia. This will mean much more frequent visits by US warships and aircraft to the north, much more frequent joint exercising with our forces and the pre-positioning of US materiel.
7. Who will be conducting the Australia Defense Force Posture review? What were their former posts in the government?
   
   The Australian Defence Force Posture Review will be conducted by two former heads of the Defence Department, Allan Hawke and Ric Smith.
   
8. What five areas will they focus on?
   
   The inquiry will examine five elements of security: the rise of the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean rim as regions of global strategic significance; the growth of military power projection capabilities in the Asia Pacific; the need for disaster relief in the region; and "energy security and security issues.
9. What does the author suggest is the most important part of the review? Why?
   
   The offshore area from Darwin west to the Pilbara is one of the greatest resource-rich areas anywhere on the planet. And yet it abuts a part of Australia that is all but depopulated and without onshore infrastructure, including military infrastructure.
10. What does having a stronger military presence in the north of Australia do for the future? More or less conflict? Why?
    
    Making it less vulnerable will stronger military presence in the north of Australia for the future. 
11. How is China leading an arms race in the Asia Pacific?
    
    China lead an arms race in the Asia Pacific and Its expansion of their military.
12. In 2008, what did Rudd predict for military spending in the region?
    
    Rudd said Australia needed to be prepared for "huge increases in military spending" here in our own region. He said that "We must make sure we have the right mix of capabilities to deal with any contingencies that might arise in the future."
13. How did Brendan Nelson and Malcolm Turnbull get it wrong regarding China and Rudd get it right?
    The Liberals under Brendan Nelson and Malcolm Turnbull consistently got China wrong. Turnbull, as opposition leader, said of the white paper that it made "no sense for Australia to base its long-term strategic policy on the highly contentious proposition that we are on an inevitable collision course with a militarily aggressive China".

Year 10: Military - US/Australia Alliance

1. Steven Smith is US Defence Minister 

2. The Brooking Institution is a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington, DC.

3. The strategic discussions include making sure we are postured to be able to respond in a timely and effective way to a range of contingencies that may arise in our region, including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

4. The fact that nothern Australia is growing and Australia is in the affair and can communicate with other countries.

5. For almost 50 years, through the joint defence facilities in Australia, we have made a significant contribution to US national security by hosting or supporting some of the US's most sensitive and critical strategic capabilities," Mr Smith said.

6. Mr Smith is suspicious about Beijing with the admissions of Australia is the "southern tier" of America's strategic interest. 

7. "Have greater access to Australian training and test ranges, such as Shoalwater Bay in Queensland and Woomera." He tells about his plan to the public because he wants to let the people know about his future success gaining trust and support from the media and public.

8. The country central to Australia's relationships in the region is China

9.Australia is trying to foster Future security challenges and change.

10. This is important to Australia because then we can be prepared for future security challenges.

Year 10: Immigration

1. What is an asylum seeker? 
The definition of An asylum seeker is a person who has fled their own country and applies to the government of another country for protection as a refugee.

2.What reasons would they leave their country and come to Australia? 
To get a much better life in a so much better country than their own home country. Most of the time they are fleeing the terrors of their home country.

3.What reasons will allow them to be approved for asylum? 

The reasons why  is that they have no choice in coming to Australia as they will be treated worst back in their home country anyway. 

4. From what countries are most asylum seekers coming? 

The countries Majority asylum seekers are from mainly Africa, the middle east and south west Asia.  Also in countries they come from are such as liberia, Iraq etc.

Year 10: Monday 25/7 Period 4

1. What title does Kevin Rudd have in the Australian Government? Explain what this role entails.

Kevin Rudd was used to be Australian prime minister but Julia Gillard has replaced the place and she became the prime minister and Kevin Rudd became the Australian politican.

1. What is Kevin Rudd's concern?

He wasinterventioned by Foreign Minister Pak U’i-chu’un at the ASEAN Regional Forum blaming the US, South Korea and Japan for  provoking the current dangerous instability on the Korean Peninsula.

1. What forum was he at to express his concerns?

He was at ASEAN Regional Forum.

1. What actions have North Korea performed recently which have Rudd alarmed and the region lacking stability?

 Mr Rudd told Mr Pak it was “unacceptable” for North Korea to blame on others the security problems it had caused for the whole region, having recently torpedoed a South Korean naval frigate, shelled civilians’ homes across the border  and defied two UN Security Council resolutions by pursuing an enriched uranium weapons program.

1. What is a 'direct threat' to Australia according to Rudd?

Mr Rudd said North Korea’s uranium weaponisation program had the objective of putting nuclear warheads on long-range missiles was a direct threat to Australia.

1. What do you think that Rudd is trying to accomplish diplomatically by calling out his North Korean counterpart publicly? How does this relate to Australia's relationship and role in the region? 

He wants to develop a strategy to try and stop the making of uranium or nuclear bombs in NK.

Year 10: Australian Aid

Question 1

• The author is trying to present to us that in the past five years Australia's overseas aid budget has doubled.
• By 2015, Australia will be spending $8 billion a year on helping people overseas.
• Kevin Rudd has announced a review of Australia's overseas aid program by an impressive panel of experts.
• spending money in ways that makes no difference doesn't help anyone.
• The vast bulk of our aid is supposed to help overcome long-term poverty.
• First, poverty, is being overcome. In 1981, 54 per cent of the world's people lived in extreme poverty.
• Second, its not being beaten by aid, but by economic growth.
• we used to call "the developing world" has in the past few years overtaken "the developed world" in economic output. In china, economic growth has lifted half a billion people out of poverty since 1990.

2.8 Study the weather

Year 10 Thursday 5/5: Mapping

City in 5 images

Seoul



The Art Hall of the Jeju Teddy Bear Museum is an interesting place to be in as you get to see some of the designer teddy bears, made by the renowned designers of the world. There is a section, which displays the smallest teddy bears of the world. The smallest of them is of 4.5mm in length.





This structure is the oldest structure in South Korea, but apparantly, it has burnt down by drunken person and they are restructing again. This is the treasure structure number one for South Korea.





This is the theme park in Korea, this is the largest indoor theme park in the world. 





This is the one of the most popular ski place in the world. 





This is the world's most expensive private real estate project in this area and this is 65th floor.

Assessment Prep: Urban Sprawl

1. Identify specific examples of Urban Sprawl and Consolidation in Sydney and describe how these are examples of urban sprawl (include photos). (1 of each - consolidation and sprawl)


Example of urban consolidation is in Pymble near the Bobbin head rd 4, this apartment is in constructing right now, they are building high level house to use the other space efficiently. This is urban consolidation because high density of people live in this small area but high floor levels apartment.


Example of urban sprawl is in Penrith in Western Australia. the picture below this text proves that these area is urban sprawl because there are no high level houses and its all low level houses and the area is large and takes lots of space to build low density houses.


2. In one of these examples you need to identify and list all of the INVOLVED PARTIES - (NGOs, governments, individuals, businesses or groups)


In the example of urban sprawl, the NSW government, Housing NSW, housing companies and Ku-ring-gai council.


3. Describe how all of these parties (at least two) are involved in this example of Urban Sprawl. Talk about what their interest is in this development/area of development. (At least two paragraphs for each group.)


the NSW government wanted most suburbs to build low density houses. However,by the time increasing, the number of issues were keep increasing as well. So, the Ku-ring-gai council got the permission from the government that the some suburbs can build high density houses like apartments to not waste the area and remove the environmental areas as well. After this, several housing companies were interested that they could build apartments and they started to remove the houses and build apartments.


4. What are the possible responses to the issue? Or, if there has been a response already, what is has been the response to this issue? (at least two responses)


There were many issues and problems to development of having too much low density houses. Quite lots of people felt uncomfortable about this because the area was keep expanding and that means, they have to remove the forest and environments to build houses. The council had responded to this issues, they said they will build high density houses which is apartment to not waste the area and not to destroy the environmental areas.


5. Evaluate the effectiveness of one of the possible responses to this instance of Urban Sprawl.


For my personal opinion, i think building the high density houses like apartments are very effective way to improve the environments and not waste the areas. The bad point is that it takes longer than houses to build. Normally, it takes 2 or 3years to build the apartments because it has high floors.

Year 10 Monday 28/3: 9.2 Population Growth in Sydney

Sydney's population is still increasing these days. Sydney began in 1788 as a small convict settlement of around 900 people including convicts and their marine guards. Since then it has grown to a city with a population of 3.9 million people. With the birth rate higher than the death rate, Australia's population will keep on rising. The people predicted that the population will rise by 40 6000 people and build around 640 000 houses after 30 years. An additional 500 000 jobs will be necessary for these people and 7500 hectares will be used as new industrial land. This will all take up about 6.8 million square metres and another 3.7 million square metres will be used as additional retail space. This is very serious because the rising population will put serious strain on the housing industry, to house these people will cause a huge amount of construction outwards. This will cause some extreme urban sprawl as urban consolidation won't be able to deal with the rising population. Sydney will be affected in that it can't expand eastward because of the ocean. Sydney can only expand to west side and there might be a huge urban sprawl and the resources will expand to the end.

Year 10: Urban Sprawl or Consolidation: Green Square

1. What is this an example of?
Answer: This is an example of urban sprawl and urban consolidation because the the population might be more than 40,000 and more than 22,000 people working. This is lots of people and lots of people will be working in this square. Also, this square is close to city and airport. 


2.What are the benefits of this development?
Answer: The benefits of this development is the number of people who is working will increase and the state and earn money faster and its very close to airport and city.


3.What could be a negative result of this development?
Answer: The negative result of this development is the people in that square can hear the airplane noise during their business time. It can distracts them. 

Year 10: Urban Sprawl or Consolidation: Jordan Springs

1. This is an example of urban sprawl because the new suburb called 'Penrith' is going to spread. It spreaded by 900 ha. Its expanding in a very large area but they are not going build high buildings. They also said that they are going to build bicycle roads, sports oval, playgrounds and hiking trails.
2. I think this development would be positive because the population will increase and the local jobs will increase so the state money would increase and more shops will move to that area and increase the state and Australia money. However, since there will be lots of man-made buildings and lakes, it can disrupts the ecosystems which is very important for Australia.

Year 10: Tuesday 15/3: The Most and Least Expensive Suburbs in Sydney

1. List the top 5 most expensive suburbs. Why do you think that these suburbs are so expensive to live in? What can you say about where they are all located?
Answer: The top 5 most expensive suburbs in Australia is Cottesloe, Mosman, Nedlands, Woollarhra and Hunters Hill. The reason why these cities were top 5 most expensive suburbs were located near the Water, had low rates of crimes, has lots of volunteering people.


2.List the top 5 least expensive suburbs. Why do you think that these suburbs are so inexpensive to live in? What can you say about where they are all located?
Answer:  The top 5 least expensive suburbs in Australia is Whyalla, Penfield, Gundiah, YarraWonga and Cowra. The main reasons why these suburbs are cheap is because the security level is very low around these towns and not much people are living.

Year 10 Mond 14/3: Urban Planning and Development

1. The answer of this first question was the  the urban controllably spread and developed into neighborer regions.
2. The area that only particular city increase their boundary and built many buildings and more structures.
3. Most people lives in urban area
4. The three statistics that suggest Australia is a highly urbanized country are a high population density, a high proportion of the population working in manufacturing and/or professional or service- related industries and they are centers of business, trade, tourism, entertainment and finance.
5. one of the Australia cities have coastal locations due mainly to historical reasons linked to transport advantages, although the availability of flat land and a favorable climate also influenced their location and growth.
6. Population density is the number of people per square kilometers. This is related to urban sprawl because if the population density increases the area of city expand.
7. Australia compare with other country by density/km squared.
8. It shows that you can have a dense population at a such a small area as in high-rise apartments. More facilities can be available but using less space.
9. Urban planners have had to be innovative in their design of apartments and new estates to manage the impacts of population growth in cities.
10. Melbourne covers the greatest land area. Density is calculated by looking at the kilometer square, Syndey, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Gold Coast, Canberra, Newcastle and Gosford. Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide, Gold Coast, Canberra, Newcastle and Wollongong has a population density that is greater than 1000 people per square kilometer.
11. The construction will have a large impact as it will greatly oveshadow the smaller houses around the large apartment developments. They will cause about 75% increase in the number of people living in that area. It will also cause shadowing over the smaller houses as the apartment buildings are so large and bulky.
12. The advantage of living in detached house is much comfortable and has bigger areas compare to apartment because in apartment you have to live in much smaller area and live with lots of people in per apartments. The disadvantage is that it will be hard to clean the house since, the detached house is much bigger than an apartment.

Year 10: Urban Renew and Decay

Aesthetic: Aesthetics  is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.


Safety: The condition of being safe; freedom from danger, risk, or injury. The example can be 'This is not the safety area to play around because you can die or get injured around this area'.


Slums: A heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor. An example can be Japan or any small country that is only developed for technology.


Decay: The destruction of radioactive place, the radioactive releases and goes on to bionic cell and destroys it. For example, Japan has decay situation since they had huge tsunami and destroyed the nuclear power plant.


Reconstruction and renewal: The act or result of reconstructing. Sometimes the workers have to reconstruct the buildings because they constructed in wrong design or on the wrong area.


Transport: Transport is something that carries the location from A to B. An example can be the car moved the person from A point to B point.


Suburbanization: Suburbanization  is a term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities. The example can be a Sydney because the Sydney is on the edge of the Australia and its developed country.


Light and sound: The definition of light is something that can make the particular area bright. The definition of sound is it makes the noise in particular area.

Big wave (The wedge California, east end of Balboa Peninsula in New port beach)

The Wedge is a world-famous surfing and body surfing spot located at the extreme east end of the Balboa Peninsula in Newport Beach, California. During a south swell of a particular size and direction, the Wedge can produce huge waves as spectacular and intimidating as any in Hawaii,Tahiti, or Australia. The wedge can produce waves up to 30 feet high.
 

Between the Balboa Pier and the Wedge, waves are referred to as a shore or beach break. When the crest of the wave comes crashing down, regardless of its size, it lands in water no more than 1 to 2 feet deep, and it will sometimes land directly on to the sand. This condition causes uninformed and inexperienced swimmers to be at extreme risk of a spinal cord injury. If a person is to "go over the falls," , he will commonly strike his head on the sand below the shallow water. Shore break waves are much thicker and stronger for their size than waves that break farther out. Their thickness increases the force in which they strike the ground. Lower Newport sees many spinal cord injury victims every summer who often end up as quadriplegics.

7.8 Dune Revegetation at Stuarts Point Questions

1. The Stuarts Point is the area where the sand dunes are.
2.

3. The  sand dune ecosystem by all working together to achieve the goal of re vegetating the Stuart's Point sand dune. They help by volunteering to plant and take care of the plants growing there and also can help by staying away from the dunes to allow re vegetation to continue without disturbing it.


4. The sand dune area is very important to the people of Stuarts point as much of the areas fishing and tourism industry is located within the vicinity of the dune. Another reason it is important as there are many expensive waterfront luxury home lining the area. 


5. The sand dunes have few section to them in which the plants were planted in. The first section is for primary species such as grasses and creepers. The second section is for secondary species such as shrubs and short-lived trees. 


6. Vegetation is so important for making sand dunes because the plant roots dig into the sand and actually fixes the sand. It makes  the sand to be locked in place by the plants and will not blow away.


7. The cattle grazing on the sand dune made the fragile vegetation to be destroyed. It was either stepped on or eaten plants which were very young and very venerable other things such as the cows.


8.The changes that would of cause after the cattle grazing would of been a open sand dune on which there would be no vegetation. The sand would of been exposed which was easily moved by the wind. Deposition would of been heavily used to transport the unprotected sand dune.


9.The groups involved in the rehabilitation were the Stuarts Point Progress Association, the Soil Conservation Service of New South Wales, the local Stuarts Point community, Department of land, Department of Public Works and the Macaulay Shire Council.


10.On top of this a dune-forming fence was constructed. It was then stabilized with coastal spinifex and marram grass. The second stage involved planting trees along the riverbank to stabilize the western margin of the area. They then planted native seedlings in the area between the fore dune and the riverbank. Then fast growing wattle were planted then coastal tertiary species were planted.


12. The geographical process that would of caused the river mouth to silt up is longshore transportation as well as deposition. 


13. 
a. The stabilization of the sand dunes was a great success.

b.The Macleay River ecosystem was protected as many animals had homes again after the revegetation but the noxious Bitou bush is taking over the area and will soon take over the whole dune.

c. This has benefited groups from the community as the fishing and tourism industry has been protected and helps this community in many ways.

7.6 The Tweed River Entrance Sand

1. The Sandbars were forming across the river mouth from sand being transported from the beach into the river mouh and this is why it was essential to extend the Tweed River breakwaters.
2. The construction of the breakwater have on the replenishment of sand to the Gold Coast beaches after a severe storm would not be that bad as the sand would not be transported all that far at all..
3. The Tweed River became dangerous place for shipping due to huge sand bars forming across the river mouth and making it unsafe otherwise ships would become grounded on the sand bar.
4. It was only a short-term solution as it was very expensive to dredge and ship so much sand around. This is wahy this only lasted a couple of years.
5. The TRESBP replaces longshore drift. Sand is pumped from where it accumulates and on the southern side of the Tweed River via a system of pipes, across the Tweed River to one of four outlets where sand is released onto the beach.
6. The Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project is regared as one of the most successful coastal management schemes in Australia. This is beacause the planning, construction and effects of the TRESBP was so well thought out and that so much research was done into the project such as reffering to coastal managers, council authorities, geographers, etc. I think it is excellent and now humans can control the coastal area and river mouth at Tweed Heads. This allows for their not to be too much disruption to the beach and surounding areas and will not be forever changing like it was before the project. It allows for a long term solution and now that it is complete it will benefit most of the community/society.
7. The changes occured at the mouth of the Tweed River since 1962 have been very dramatic. The most prominent thing that has changed is the beach becoming larger with larger amounts of sand being placed on the beach. Over time the sand has not been transported away from the beach into the river but instead now is all being retained within the beach being held by the breakwater.
8. The breakwater length in 1962 would of been about 40 metres long but in 1994 it has been extended to about the length of 300 metres.

Summarising the TRESB Project

1. The problem which lead to the TRESB Project. The problem which lead to the Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project was that during the 1950's the entrance to the Tweed River became a shipping hazard to passing boast into the river due sandbars forming across the river mouth. 

2. The solution to the problem. 
The solution to the problem was to build the Tweed River Sand Bypassing Project. This would artificially recreate the the coastal process along the beach/coastline. The process aims to replicate the natural process of longshore drift. Sand is pumped from where it accumulates on the southern side of the Tweed River via a system of pipes, across the Tweed River to one of four outlets where sand is realeased onto the beach.

3. The result of the project. What areas were effected and how? Do you think that it was a success? 
Quite a lot of area was affected by the actual construction of the project as much of the pipes had to be put underground and lots of ground had to be dug up. This would of affected a lot of the above ground area for the time period during contraction which was for a year. But after it was constructed the only places affected was the actual pumping station, the sand pumping jetty and the 4 separate outlets.